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JCC 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F' - 1994 are Contracts produced by the now defunct Joint Contracts Committee. They are all Lump Sum Contracts, including provisions for additions and alterations, under which an Architect is appointed to administer the Contract. JCC-C was intended for use where a Bill of Quantities, priced by the Contractor, forms part of the Contract. JCC-D was for use where no Bill of Quantities is involved. JCC-E and JCC-F include provisions for staged Practical Completion.

The JCC series of Contracts has now been replaced by the Australian Building Industry Contracts (ABIC), although the JCC Contracts are still seen in use from time to time.

• Joinder of parties: Where two or more parties (whether as plaintiffs or defendants) or causes of action (such as negligence or breach of contract) are combined in a single proceeding. Parties may be joined where separate actions would result in some common questions of law or fact arising in all the actions, and all claims in the actions arise out of the same transaction or series of transactions, matter, event, document, regulation, or by-law.
• Joinder of documents: the combination of two or more documents to determine all the terms of a contract, where the documents are part of the same transaction and period.

The JCT is a UK organisation formed in 1931 which is constituted by several bodies including the Royal Institute of British Architects and British Property Federation. The Tribunal’s functions include: reviewing and updating standard forms of building contract;  producing, approving and updating, as necessary, other ancillary forms and agreements; issuing practice notes; and liaising with other bodies.

A contractual association of parties where each participant usually (but not necessarily) contributes money, property or skill, and which is created for the purpose of a particular trading, commercial or other financial undertaking or endeavour with a view to mutual profit.

The determination of a court or other judicial body in legal proceedings.

The scope (whether in fact, law or geography) of a court of law, tribunal, or other person to sit in judgment to determine the respective rights and liabilities of the parties to a dispute; or a state or territory to make and enforce laws.

The purported exercise of power by a tribunal or an inferior court in excess of the power conferred on it, or a failure of that body to exercise its proper jurisdiction. Administrative law remedies are available to set aside, or alternatively prevent, the making of, decisions in excess of jurisdiction.